![]() ![]() We make use of the new Episodes of Regime Transformation (ERT) dataset 4 that identifies episodes of substantial and sustained changes in levels of democracy for most political units from 1900 to 2019 drawing on the V-Dem electoral democracy index (EDI). This two-stage concept of democratic resilience is pragmatic and empirically observable, allowing us to assess which democracies withstand the forces of autocratization (that is, have high onset resilience – at least thus far) and which have breakdown resilience once autocratization has begun. A democracy may then exhibit breakdown resilience by avoiding democratic breakdown in the second stage (such as South Korea from 2008–2016, and Benin from 2007–2012). If onset resilience fails, democracies experience an episode of autocratization. In the first stage – onset resilience – some democracies are resilient by preventing autocratization altogether, meaning they have not experienced substantial or sustained declines in democratic qualities (such as Switzerland and Canada). We offer a new conceptualization of democratic resilience with two stages that are distinct. 3 Yet, the term presently lacks a clear specification in the literature, making it prone to becoming yet another buzzword in democracy promotion. Understanding “democratic resilience” – the ability to prevent substantial regression in the quality of democratic institutions and practices – is now more important than ever. What distinguishes democracies that prevail against a global wave of autocratization from those that do not? 2 Since 1992, 36 democratic regimes have broken down. Over 20% of countries in the world 1 and one-third of the global population are now experiencing substantial and sustained declines in democracy amounting to a “third wave” of autocratization. Conversely and adding nuance to the literature, economic development is only associated with resilience to onset of autocratization, not to resilience against breakdown once autocratization has begun.ĭemocracy is under threat globally. The results suggest that democracies are more resilient when strong judicial constraints on the executive are present and democratic institutions were strong in the past. We also analyse which factors are associated with each stage of democratic resilience. Ominously, we find that once autocratization begins, only one in five democracies manage to avert breakdown. Fifty-nine episodes of sustained and substantial declines in democratic practices have occurred since 1993, leading to the unprecedented breakdown of 36 democratic regimes. Nevertheless, democratic resilience has become substantially weaker since the end of the Cold War. Drawing on the Episodes of Regime Transformation (ERT) dataset, we find that democracies have had a high level of resilience to onset of autocratization since 1900. L'article conclut sur certains aspects oubliés ou négligés par la discipline et aborde quelques enjeux aujourd'hui à l'oeuvre.This article introduces a novel conceptualization of democratic resilience - a two-stage process where democracies avoid democratic declines altogether or avert democratic breakdown given that such autocratization is ongoing. L'article aborde par la suite la question du timing des élections, le temps comme dimension centrale d'un gouvernement responsable, l'interaction des différents cycles électoraux et leur éventuel interférence avec les cycles sociaux, l'ambivalence de la limitation dans la durée des mandats électifs, la logique temporelle de la démocratie directe, la question de la stabilité gouvernementale et la complexité du renouveau générationnel. ![]() L'auteur commence par discuter l'une des définitions possibles de la démocratie: l'exercice d'un gouvernement encastré dans des limites temporelles. / Cet article explore une série de questions afférentes au temps et largement délaissées par la théorie démocratique. The article concludes with some reflections on some neglected themes and pending challenges. Parting from this core assumption, the article discusses, among other things temporal, the timing of elections the time requirements of efficient and accountable government the interaction of electoral cycles at different levels and their interference with other societal cycles the democratic ambivalence of term limits the time scarcities of both politicians and citizens the temporal logics of direct democracy the value of governmental stability and the complexities of generational renewal. It begins with discussing a defining feature of democratic rule: its temporal delimitation. ![]() The present article explores a series of time issues that have been largely ignored in democratic theory. ![]()
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